Recently a respected colleague teaching English to music conservatory students described a scenario: A student reported that his orchestra conductor used the adjective “choppy” during a rehearsal to describe the sound. The student was not familiar with this word, nor its (usually) negative connotation.
Most likely, the student is familiar with a more formal musical term such as non-legato to describe such a sound. But non-legato doesn’t necessarily have the same connotation as “choppy.” And to complicate matters further, in another situation, it might be that the score requires a separated, non-legato sound for a certain effect; in other words, “choppy” might be the composer’s choice.
It got me thinking about other informal adjectives we might use in English to describe sound. I am sharing some ideas here. It’s always going to be an unfinished list, as we encounter terms and their various connotations. See how many you’ve heard or used! Message me on my website www.eslformusicians.com for terms you’d like to add!
In addition to these examples of formal musical vocabulary to describe:
tempo (i.e. presto, largo, fermata)
texture (i.e. polyphonic, heterophonic)
timbre/tone (i.e. brassy, reedy)
rhythm/articulation (i.e. polyrhythmic, marcato, pizzicato)
harmony (i.e. 12 tone, major, minor)
melody (i.e. tonal, atonal, stepwise)
expression (i.e. crescendo, rubato)
Here are some additional adjectives to describe sound:
Tone/sound quality:
abrupt: sudden, unexpected
airy/breathy/thin: having a light quality
angular: moving in irregular patterns; an angular melody often uses large, non- step-wise intervals
brassy: sounding like a brass musical instrument; (or with a negative connotation: harsh and loud)
choppy: detached, accented, causing an uneven musical line (usually a negative connotation) too much accent or emphasis on individual notes and/or too much space between notes, destroying the musical line. Opposite of legato
dramatic: theatrical
edgy: having an intense or sharp quality
energetic: animated, lively
ethereal/transcendent: extremely delicate, light and other-worldly
full/rich/dark: a large, round, deep sound
hammered: (marcato – accented)
heavy (pesante): labored; thick, full in sound
lifeless/pale: having no energy, limp
light: having a thin, airy or agile quality
lively: energetic, animated
loud/strong (forte)
percussive: accented
ringing: clear and resonant
round: a full, deep, resonant sound
shrill: a high pitched, harsh sound (mostly negative connotation unless requested in the score)
silky/ smooth/fluid/mellifluous (sweet and smooth)
soulful: expressing, deep and often sorrowful emotion
turbulent/stormy: having a loud, boisterous, unsteady or violent quality
vibrant: lively, vigorous, bright, resonating, created as a result of vibration
Pitch:
flat: under the pitch
sharp: above the pitch
pitchy: inconsistent in pitch (negative connotation)
out of tune: pitches are not sounding at the proper frequencies (negative connotation)
Tempo/ Rhythm:
early/rushing: ahead of the beat; faster than the beat
late/dragging/lagging: behind the beat; slower than the beat
in the pocket: on the beat, on time (positive connotation)
subdivided (“feel the subdivision”): For example, when playing quarter notes, feel the eighth notes to propel the music forward
measured: consistent, predictable, steady
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